The Growing College Gap

At first glance, Tamara Draut’s article seems to state a fact that most individuals already know: it’s hard to get into college. Looking further into her claim, Draut reveals the struggles that low-income high school students applying to a four-year college or university face. Specifically, the article talks about enrollment gaps between class and race due to financial issues and the increase of high school students applying to colleges and universities across the nation. In addition, Draut begins her article by explaining the different outcomes that occur from specific levels of education.First, she shows the lifetime economic gains that different degree, ranging from high school to PhD, will make. Second, she explains the different â€Å"qualities of life† that each education level will face. Specifically, Draut explains that those who cannot get into a higher education program will not have the opportunity to have a higher paying job. I especially agree with o ne aspect of Draut’s argument in which she states that not enough college worthy students are getting to attend the schools that they want to and should be attending.I agree with another part of Draut’s argument should make all college degree seeking Americans fight against the injustice of government aid programs; providing aid on merit based performance only. This is not to say that I disagree with money being granted to students who study hard and make sacrifices in order to obtain their secondary education, I disagree with more money given to merit based programs instead of students who come from low income backgrounds.Aid programs do not take into consideration that many low income students come from inner cities, where secondary education is at the bottom of hierarchical education scale and these students lack the crucial knowledge that being taught at the more prestige’s high schools of the suburbs where middle and upper class students attend. The later p ortion of Draut’s article talks about the issues that stem from the nation’s lack of financial aid. Since the loan/grant system has deteriorated, the social gap between Caucasian and â€Å"ethnic† students has increased.Over 570,000 students could not go to a public university solely because of financial reasons. This has caused the enrollment in community colleges to increase rapidly- 44% of all undergraduates go to a community college. Also, 40% of young adults surveyed said that they either had to delay their education or go to a less expensive school because of financial issues/student loans. Draut provided an example in her article by putting an image stating â€Å"I sure hope social security is around when I’m 65.I’ll need to finish paying off my college loans†(Draut,383) The struggle to get into and maintain an education at a four-year college or university causes a social-rift among socioeconomic classes instead of solely on race/eth nicity. If low- income students are able to make it through a four-year program at one of the nation’s most prestigious schools, they are more likely, according to statistical data, to have a higher wage premium in comparison to high-income students that graduate from the same academic institution.

Erp Helps Productivity at Northern Digital

Case Study 7. 1. : ERP Helps Productivity at Northern Digital Inc. Question: 1. For a small company like NDI, why is an ERP better than SCM applications? Answer: ERP supports internal supply chain within an enterprise, while SCM applications support just certain part of internal supply chain. Therefore, for small companies like NDI, it’s more efficient and effective to implement one system, namely ERP, instead of more SCM systems. Further, ERP software support several functionalities for supply chain management, and small companies like NDI could choose which functionalities they would like to implement, i. e. to support by IT advantages. Also, unlike SCM applications, ERP system of new generation provides new opportunities for enterprises in (near) future: to connect to their business partners, to integrate new functionalities (open ERP), to use Internet capabilities, to integrate with CRM solutions, etc. In practical sense, maintenance/servicing and training for one –ERP- software instead of several –SCMs- is better for NDI in financial and time sense. Finally, kind of industry (high-tech) within NDI operate demands efficient supply chain management, with high turnover of assets and inventory, so as precise and efficient production and inventory planning. Question: 2. Identify the supply chain segments that the ERP supports; be specific. Answer: In the case of NDI enterprise, implemented ERP system would support those activities which produced greatest costs in previous period, putting customer satisfaction at risk and making internal moral decreasing. Also, the ERP supports the segments in NDI as well as its environment. First, ERP optimizes the production processes in NDI; including taking into account the needs of its employees. Second, ERP contributes to better forecasting of demands and, additionally, better processing of their orders. Third, ERP efficiently coordinates upstream activities between NDI and suppliers. In the company, the implementation the ERP results decrease of costs and increase of revenue. In detail, using the ERP software improves the efficiency of NDI. Providing information for the demand forecasts of the products helps to decrease inventory. Therefore, in NDI case, revenue increased from 10 to 20 million with little increase in inventory value. Additionally, managing the processes of the company more efficiently increases order capacity. Result is an increase of revenue due higher ordered quantities. The better planning doubles the turnover of inventory, i. e. NDI’s automated inventory management achieved instead of 2 now 4 turnovers of inventory per year. At the side of the customer, having the opportunity for a better forecast of the demand and increasing the efficiency of the company, results to reduce the order cycle. This ensures the customers better and quicker service connected with reducing lead times and on-time deliveries. Therefore, supported by ERP production control system, NDI reduced its order cycle time for flagships product from 4 months to 4 weeks. This also contributes to improvement of customers relationships. At the side of the suppliers, knowing the demand of customers helps NDI to forecast its own demand for material. ERP allows them to make orders to the suppliers on time and to avoid bottleneck caused by material lack. Additionally, optimization of the processes in the company makes it possible to forecast the need for labour. Implementing ERP decreases the costs in the company and increases its profitability. Additionally, it improves the relationship between the firm and it customers and suppliers. This ensures loyalty in the future relations. Question: 3. Relates this case to Porter’s value chain and to its competitive model (Appendix 1A). Show the ERP contribution. Answer: The Porter’s Competitive Model describes five factors, which endanger the profitability of NDI: The first factor is threat of entry of new competitors. Main barriers for new companies to enter the market are economies of scale, product differentiation, brand identity, cost advantages, etc. Therefore, implementing ERP NDI has increased the overall efficiency of the company. In this way, the production costs fall down. Additionally, it increases order quantities, which decreases production costs per unit. These facts ensure costs advantages compared with other companies in the same industry. Second factor is the bargaining power of suppliers. The fact that the ERP system allows NDI to forecast better its demand contributes to a precise forecast for material. This ensures on-time deliveries. On the other hand, the increase of ordered quantities affects increase in the ordered quantity of materials. This fact ensures lower prices for material. The third point is the bargaining power of customers. The software improves the relationship with the customers. The profits of the buyers are proving after sales information, on-time deliveries. Additionally, the satisfied customers increase their orders. As a result, the revenue of NDI increases. Forth is the threat of substitute products or services. The use of ERP provides NDI with information about sales ensures communication with customers and gives information about their needs. Good relations with customers decrease the probability that customers will prefer substitutes. Fifth, the rivalry among existing forms in the industry endangers the company’s profitability. Producing efficiently ensures the firm a head position in front of its competitors. Delivering on time their orders gives an advantage to NDI. Taking care of the customers’ relationship with help of ERP creates loyalty of the customers. Testing the quality on every production step ensures the customers the high quality products. The Porter’s Value Chain Model is divided into two parts: Primary activities produce goods or services for which customers pay. They begin with the input of materials, through production, sales and marketing, and after sales service. The ERP system provides information to NDI in each of these steps. ERP ensures on time deliveries due to collaboration with vendors; also, it increases the efficiency of using the resources of NDI. Quality control during every process guarantees for high quality. Collaboration on side of the customers provides information for their needs and past orders. Finally, ERP supports the after sales services. Support activities provide support to the NDI’s primary activities. Support activity is for example the procurement. ERP helps collaboration with vendors. Also, ERP presents a standardised system for the whole NDI system, and it supports information flows from the sales department to the accountings department. In supports, also, the human resource management department with detail forecast for the needs of labour. Question: 4. Enter intuitivemfg. com and report on capabilities of the company’s ERP product. Answer: The Intuitive ERP product has a goal to increase the profitability of a company. Intuitive ERP software achieves this goal by (1) improving the productivity and reducing the costs; (2) increasing satisfaction of customers; (3) supporting better decision making; and, finally, (4) improving the overall IT infrastructure. First, the product reduces the needed manual work of the employees. Avoiding this process we reduce the data entry and errors. It delivers visible reports, which summarise the information and provides data for the current situation in the company. In this way, it is ease to indicate problems before it is too late. The software shows bottleneck before they occur. Thus, we could increase the throughput and make more efficient schedules. ERP provides quickly information about future need, which can be provided to suppliers in a minute. The process reduces significantly lead times and avoids bottlenecks. Visualisation of material report and collaboration with vendors improves on time deliveries. We can save cost with better forecast of our demands and providing this information to our suppliers. This information gives us the opportunity to produce just-in-time. Thus, we can reduce our inventory and save costs. The increase of our efficiency increases the order capacity and revenue. Second, the software helps company to satisfy its customers. We easily get information about the history of every customer from the system. Many process connected with providing information to the customers can be automated, which improves communications. ERP allows the company to access information about orders through Internet. Inspection of all processes improves the quality of products, which contributes to satisfaction of customers. The system offers an after sales support to customers. It provide information if the firm can fulfil its orders and calculates the feasible dates to finish the production of the order. Third, ERP provides visualisation of the information of the company. Many indicators, which are needed to monitor the business, are calculated automatically. Thus, critical elements in the firm are presented. The software provides the needed information to make the optimal decisions. Forth, the system combines the information of the company in one central system and standardises the process. In this way, the firm saves money by the efficient use of its recourses. In conclusion, ERP improves the profitability of the company. It contributes to the improvement of the relationship of the customers and allows using the resources more efficiently. Question: 5. Relate this case to business planning and strategy. Answer: Using existing technology, NDI has recognised business planning problems in achieving efficient product/order life cycle, and delivering its products to customer in satisfied way. The demand for NDI products was growing, but existing technology wasn’t able to respond to new environment, i. e. market circumstances. NDI recognised forecasting capabilities -of marketing department- as main cause for recorded missed sales and poor inventory management. Therefore, needed raw materials weren’t in place for demanded products by customer, and customer had to wait too long, starting even to return back shipments. Pressed by higher demands from market, NDI determined growth as main business strategy, and forecasting and planning segments of internal value chain as key support for chosen strategy. In other words, forecasting and planning segments of value chain were assigned as most beneficial parts for IT support towards more effective and efficient production process of growth strategy. Implemented ERP has supported whole NDI production process and its control, along with secondary activities, but stressed capabilities of Material Requirements Planning and Forecasting modules necessary for correct prediction of future demand and, therefore, better raw material supply and inventory management. In general, ERP support NDI’s business data collection and manipulation, i. . data management, and subsequent data mining and optimization of production processes towards greater revenue, i. e. decrease production costs. Finally, defining long-term strategic company goals and strategy, NDI managed to improve its own operation using IT support for right production functions, aligning directly and successfully corporate business strategy with IT strategy. Now, mobilising human reso urces, as the greatest wealth of an organisation, NDI could now plan more radical strategy towards achieving competitive –or lock in- position within own industry cluster.

Benefits of Sustainability Driven Innovation

Monitoring system is effective for an organization to understand whether they are following the proper method or taking the right steps to achieve the goal that have been set by the organization (Werbach, 2013). The indicators in the monitoring system can be pared to the factors that will help in understanding whether the motoring system is helping the organization to understand whether they are fooling the right path. The monitoring system should be able to measure the output that will reflect the strategies that have been set by the organization (Ferguson & Souza, 2016). The monitoring system will be able to identify the main problem that will be faced by an organization while they are operating in the market. The monitoring system needs to be iodated regularly so that the employers can keep a track of the changes that are taking place in the organization. The monitoring system should be user-friendly so that the management can easily use it. The employees should not need any extra training to operate it. The pany should not have to bear any cost to run the monitoring system. Even if they have to bear any cost, then the system should be cost-effective enough so that they do not have to plan any extra expenditure to implement the monitoring system. Not only the monitoring system but also the indicators should be effective so that the monitoring system will be helpful to identify the strength and weakness of the organization (Sloan, Klingenberg & Rider, 2013). The indicators should be relevant. The indicators should be able to show the things that the organization need to know. The indicators should be easy to understand. The employees should be needing any extra training to understand the meaning of the indicators. The organization should not have to hire any expert to understand the indicators. The employees of the organization as well as the employer should be able to trust the indicators. The indicators should be reliable and highlight the correct data needed by the organization. Any wrong information given by the indicators will take the organization in some other direction. The indicators should not be consisting of those data that cannot be accessed by the people of the organization. The data should be accessible that wil l make up the indicators. The organization should have the time to act if the indicators show something is wrong. Indicators cannot be called effective if that does not give time for the employees and the employer to make things right after they have noticed something wrong. Rio Tinto needs a proper management system mainly because of two reasons. They have to go up the dunphy scale. Secondly, to go up the dunphy scale, they have need funds that could help them to implement more sustainable measures. The indicators of the monitoring system that will measure the actions of Rio Tinto should keep in mind the profit as well as sustainability to help them go up the Dunphy’s scale. They need to keep a check on the profit to see that whether their steps are enhancing the business. They need to keep a check on the employee engagement and so that there is balance between the urban employees and the aboriginal employees. The certifications by the external organization are necessary as they will help them to spread their goodwill gestures and help them acquire more clients and finances for their business. The Dunphy’s scale is the best way to measure whether the business of an organization is sustainable enough. Rio Tinto has taken many measure towards sustainable development if the business. Some are directed towards the environment while some are socio-cultural in nature (Beckmann, Hielscher & Pies, 2014). They have taken steps to make help the aboriginal as a many parts of the land that are possessed by the aboriginals are being used by the organization for mining purpose (Riotinto , 2017). Following is the Dunphy’s scale: The sustainable development of Rio Tinto is worth mentioning and they aim at developing a socio-cultural development of the society. They help in development of the aboriginals who are living in the area and working with the organization (Sidiropoulos, 2014). The aboriginal were ill-treated when in the year, 1963 when the Mapoon mission was closed even after the discovery of bauxite reserve in the year, 1955. The contribution of the indigenous people like Old Matthew (Wakmatha) and George Wilson (Piiramu) was not overlooked after the mission was halted. Six years down the lane after the incident took palce, tio tinto is workimnh in close contact with the aboriginals. Some of the agreements that have helped in the partnership of Rio Tinto and the aboriginals are: Status of Rio Tinto is at the ‘efficiency’ stage of the Dunphy’s scale. The human sustainability is stresses upon in the efficiency stage of the Dunphy’s scale. Rio Tinto aims at development with the help of the aboriginals (Riotinto , 2017). The ratio of the aboriginals who are working for the organization is not in balance with the area that is being used for the operations of the pany. 60 percent of the land that are under the aboriginals are used to get the minerals but only 6 percent of the population are involved in the workforce. The place is hugely exploited by Rio Tinto to mine the metals and hence, it is necessary that the workforce should have more aboriginals. Even though Rio Tinto is planning to incorporate for aboriginals in their business, yet they are unable to find a way that will help in reducing the exploitation of the environment. The main aim of involving the aboriginals in their program is to take their help to get an idea for land rehabilitation program. The idea of land rehabilitation is in the pipeline and the involvement of the aboriginals will be helpful as they could tell the ways to restore nature even after mining the land to extract the metals and the minerals. Rio Tinto can be said to be in the efficiency phase as they are not able to implement any such idea to restore the land but the discussions are still on to get such an idea. They are employing the aboriginal, which is a good step but they are not able to employ a huge number of people. The aboriginals should be employed in huge numbers as they are exploiting their land and they have the best idea about the land (Buxel, Esenduran & Griffin, 2015). The main aim of every organization should be to reach phase six of the scale but the phase six, which is the sustaining corporation phase. However, the phase has been considered to be too abstract and is not possible in reality (Kiron   et al., 2013). The employer would then be left with minimum profit to support the employees who are working in the organization (Sharma & Hart, 2014). Hence, Rio Tinto should aim at reaching phase 5, which is the strategic sustainability phase. The organization should have diversity at workplace by balancing the workforce (Wagner & Svensson, 2014). There should be equal number of aboriginals and urban employees. The aboriginals do not receive proper training and specific skills to get employment. Hence, it will be the duty of Rio Tinto to educate the people and help them get a job in the organization. They do receive preliminary education but the skills that are needed for mining jobs. It is the duty of the organization to teach the aboriginals about the mining techniques and help them get a job. In this way, they will be able to attain the strategic sustainability phase. The organization has been able to witness a reduction of 30% in the indigenous turnover. Environmental concerns, which is another area that should be taken into consideration (Sloan, Klingenberg & Rider, 2013). If more number of aboriginal populations is employed in the organization, they will be able to know the ways that will help them save the land of t he aboriginals even after mining is done (Werbach, 2013). Rio Tinto is a British-Australian multinational mining pany with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom (Riotinto , 2017). The pany consisted of Rio Tinto Plc, which is a London and New York stock exchange pany and Rio Tinto Limited, which is an Australian Securities Exchange. The business of Rio Tinto is based on four factors: They aim at finding the mineral resources and deliver them to the customers and the clients. They value the shareholders of the pany and work to deliver the best returns with the help of the assets of the pany and projects that they take up for the clients. As far as the workforce is concerned, Rio Tinto possesses 55,000 employees. The operations of the organization are spread in 40 countries and the employees work in strong teams. The organization always follows the motto of safety first when it es to the employees. They believe in innovation and the employees work hard to make those innovations a reality and never steps back from learning something. The major products for Rio Tinto are industrial minerals like salt, titanium dioxide and borates. Other major products are gold, aluminum, diamonds and copper (Riotinto , 2017). The metals that are mined by Rio Tinto are converted into end-products and those products are used for development of the living standards and other economic developments of the society. The innovations that are applied to work are not limited to work. Innovations are applied for sustainable development. The organization faces with various challenges like climate change, regional munity development, resource scarcity and munity employment. The best part of Rio Tinto is that the organization does not see the challenges as challenges but opportunities. They aim at getting over the challenges and help in developing a sustainable business. After going through the case of Rio Tinto and placing it on the Dunphy’s Scale it can be concluded that the organization is performing well as it is on the efficiency phase of the scale. The pany involves the aboriginals in their business as most of their land has been used for the mining purposes. However, there is a huge gap between the number of urban employees as and the aboriginal employees. In addition to this, the land exploitation is affecting the environment. It can be said once they employee more aboriginal employees, they will help in giving ides to save the land. The monitoring system suggests that they need to keep a check on the profit, the employee engagement and the result of the external organization. The development plan includes the business model canvas, which will help Rio Tinto to go up from the ‘efficiency’ phase to ‘strategic sustainability’ phase. Beckmann, M., Hielscher, S., & Pies, I. (2014). mitment Strategies for Sustainability: How Business Firms Can Transform Trade?Offs Into Win–Win Ou es.  Business Strategy and the Environment,  23(1), 18-37. Buxel, H., Esenduran, G., & Griffin, S. (2015). Strategic sustainability: Creating business value with life cycle analysis.  Business Horizons,  58(1), 109-122. Ferguson, M. E., & Souza, G. C. (Eds.). (2016).  Closed-loop supply chains: new developments to improve the sustainability of business practices. CRC Press. Globalreporting.org,. (2017).  About GRI.  Globalreporting.org. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.globalreporting.org/information/about-gri/Pages/default.aspx Integratedreporting.org,. (2017).  Integrated Reporting.  Integratedreporting.org. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://integratedreporting.org/ ISO,. (2017).  ISO - International Organization for Standardization.  ISO. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.iso.org/iso/home.html Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Reeves, M., & Goh, E. (2013). The benefits of sustainability-driven innovation.  MIT Sloan Management Review,  54(2), 69. Riotinto ,. (2017).  About Rio Tinto.  Riotinto . Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://www.riotinto /aboutus/about-rio-tinto-5004.aspx Riotinto ,. (2017).  Working together for a better future.  Riotinto . Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.riotinto /ou mitment/spotlight-18130_18749.aspx Sharma, S., & Hart, S. L. (2014). Beyond â€Å"saddle bag† sustainability for business education.  Organization & Environment, 1086026614520713. Sidiropoulos, E. (2014). Education for sustainability in business education programs: a question of value.  Journal of cleaner production,  85, 472-487. Sloan, K., Klingenberg, B., & Rider, C. (2013). Towards sustainability: Examining the drivers and change process within SMEs.  Journal of Management and Sustainability,  3(2), 19. Wagner, B., & Svensson, G. (2014). A framework to navigate sustainability in business networks: The transformative business sustainability (TBS) model.  European Business Review,  26(4), 340-367. Werbach, A. (2013).  Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Harvard Business Press. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Relationship between two currenies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relationship between two currenies - Essay Example A country can determine the price of a currency against another currency in two ways, which include fixed and floating exchange rate. Fixed or pegged exchange rate is rate of currency determined and maintained by Central Bank. â€Å"In order to maintain local exchange rate, the central bank buys and sells it own currency in the foreign exchange market in return for the currency against which it is pegged† (Mano, 2010). On the other hand, floating exchange rate is determined by market a force, which means levels of supply and demand of the currency, decides at which price the currency will be sold in foreign exchange market. There are multifarious factors, which determine the exchange rate. This includes higher interest rate that would attract the foreign financial capital inflow in the local country and foreigners demand for local currency escalates resulting in appreciating exchange rate. Another factor is economic health, which means foreign investors are likely to invest in countries with high positive indicators like inflation growth and debt burden rather than in economies, which are weak. Exchange rate is also quite susceptible to shocks and speculation. In addition, money markets are liquid so exchange rates are responsive to sudden shocks (Madura, 2008). Currency rates even move because of speculative investments or if brokers trade them as per their expectations of exchange rate. One other important factor is government or central bank intervention, which we already discussed under fixed exchange rate. The two major strong currencies of the world are dollar and Euros. It is not possible to conclude the exchange rate discussion without mentioning about them (Madura, 2008). There are different theories by which economists explain the general movements in exchange rate. However, none of them is strong enough to describe the exact movements so for; therefore, they explain these movements with the term â€Å"random walk pattern†. It is impossi ble to overlook the exchange rate between dollar and yen when discussing reasons behind the general movements in exchange rates. This is because of the appreciating yen against dollar that has been under maintenance since last 15 years, thus, it is important to explore the root causes behind this appreciation (Madura, 2008). Observing the exchange rate for last seven months of yen against one dollar was 85, 84, 81,82,83,82, and 83 in August to February period. Hence, on average, yen has appreciated from August 2010 to January 2011 but it bounced back against dollar on February 15, 2011 at rate of 83.7972. The foremost thing to consider when deciding on the reasons of general movements in exchange rate is that exchange rate is just the price of one currency in terms of another. If yen is strong against dollar it means it is stronger relative to dollar that is dollar is weak and yen is not strong in itself (Madura, 2008). The major reason for weak dollar is due to its global financial crisis and most probably risk of â€Å"second dip’ which means second recession. Apart from these crises, President Obama is in a flabby situation because his mid- term congress elections are round the corner. Hence, these shaky situations are resulting in a search for â€Å"safe haven† as investors are finding yen as a stable currency as compared to dollar or euro. This results in yen appreciation (Madura, 2008). There are not only direct reasons, which result in appreciation of yen

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Literature Review on Web3D Technology - Essay Example This particular technology is beginning to transform the way that the Internet and various platforms are used and are looking at and are creating a different approach to programming and specific applications (Basanow et al, 65). While Web 3D is providing a specific alternative to technology, there are also questions on how this application will be used with the Internet as well as what the potential will be with the concepts that are being applied. The Web 3D application is not only important to consider in terms of technological components for the Internet, but also becomes essential to understand with responses and the environment that is being created for end – users that are introduced to Web 3D. One of the main Web 3D uses is with Adobe Flash Based programming. Understanding how Web 3D relates to this specific module as well as how it can be improved then provides a stronger understanding of the evolution of the designs used for Web 3D. The scope of this project is to define what Web 3D is and how it is currently being integrated into the Internet. There will also be specific information based on Adobe and how this is creating a specific set of results for those using the Internet. The literature review described will be based on the current trends and specifications of the concept of 3D as well as how this is changing specific concepts in terms of technology. The question that is being raised is one that is based on how this will transfer into the future of the Internet and Web 3D. The different perspectives that have evolved from Web 3D technology have provided insight into the evolution of the technology as well as how it is affecting the Internet. The different concepts that are available are able to show how the specific technology has evolved as well as what the potential options are for the technology to grow and evolve in the future. The importance that is noted in the literature shows that there is the ability for

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Noise in Multimedia System - Essay Example Noise is defined as any unwanted thing in the desired one. Though in some special cases in electronics like oscillator where noise is intentionally introduced but, most of the times they create hindrance to the actual motto. Suppose after faithful encoding data is sent over transmission medium. Spurious electrical signals from environment may interfere to the original signal resulting noise. In other cases noise appears as flicker of screen. For portable devices developers need to design layout for the target device and developing pixels of precise width and resolution sometimes give erroneous result. Again, online content developers who work independently for target devices finally come out with objects which have problem in mapping. This paper explicitly concentrates on various noise sources and their effect on multimedia products. It also outlines ways to overcome it. Noise in one sense is defined as measurable amount of loss of data. It is a random parameter that can be measured by its statistical properties. In telecommunication channel noise is generally gets added in medium during transmission. Figure 1 shows such a transmission channel. In between transmitter to receiver there is the medium. It can be either wire in case of line communication or free space for wireless communication. Signal gets interfered by noise in the medium by various means e.g. thundering, signal from other sources if two signals are close to each other and from mismatch between transmitter and receiver. Shannon defined the limit of transmission in a noisy channel for a given channel capacity in order to maximize the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio1. But it does not guarantee noise free transmission. This is nothing but the post transmission noise and before it gets received. Different methods exist to detect any error has arisen and if so, to correct it. The seven layer OSI model works well for error detection and correction in any computer communication process. From multimedia perspective transmission and reception methods are somewhat more complex where; total display is fragmented into different components and then all together information is sent to the target end maintaining timing constraint. SMIL is a language format used for encoding multimedia presentations for transmission over the web. It's a structured composition of autonomous media objects. Figure 2 shows one basic timing containers2. In SMIL seq container begin time is relative to predecessor's end. Par container has begin time relative to the containing par but for excl object a is started whenever object x (not shown) is activated and object b, c are started when object y and z (not shown) are activated. It is to be noted that no two common timeline should be used to model the relationship between a, b and c. If it's not maintained then there will be overlap between the objects that will turn to give timing mismatch, which may appear as noise in display. Other than this, before transmission objects are encoded into convenient form. During encoding data might get lost. For example if it's an image then it might have been encoded into jpg form where loss of data and as a result noise can get introduced. This noise will be incorporated throughout its processing and appear finally in

Human Resources Managent - Equal Employment Opportinunity Essay

Human Resources Managent - Equal Employment Opportinunity - Essay Example e conducted in which the Supreme Court judges whether an act conducted by the organization was discriminatory or not and if the court perceives it to be a discriminatory act then it is usually discontinued unless three defenses are presented by the employer; business necessity, which is the expectation to perform by all employees, bona fide occupational qualifications, which are requirements of a job by organizations in order to meet the criteria of that firm and lastly, seniority systems, which allow certain discriminatory acts to occur, if they are established by a senior law (DeCenzo 150). There are certain cases in history which are worth revisiting in order to implement equal opportunities with ease in the workplace, such as the case in Davis Medical School in 1978, where they failed to set aside any seats for minority students which was a clear case of discrimination. And these cases may apply similarly or differently to different countries. Sexual harassment is also one of the issues that violate equality in the workplace, especially towards women. It can be physical or verbal in nature, and may involve the employee’s work, environment or their growth opportunities (Giele & Stebbins 39). Women, even in this day and age, face a great deal of issues in this phenomenon of equal employment. Even if they do, they are not in the same posts, or getting the same pay as men. Organizations should be more sensitive towards women, and payments, posts etc. should be made according to their merit and comparable worth, and the glass ceiling that is restricting women in the workplace should be removed (Boland 170). This issue of equality among employees is one of the most pressing issues for the human resource department of organizations and many laws have been enacted to keep their rights in place. These include the Privacy Act of 1974, which makes it compulsory for organizations to make available to their employees all the important records as well as their own

Current Recession Impacts on the Construction Industry Dissertation

Current Recession Impacts on the Construction Industry - Dissertation Example This resulted in reduction of the average disposable income. The overall negative implications were on the demands of products and goods. The economic cycle was disturbed. One of the most affected sectors by this recession was constructions and engineering sector. Globally the construction industry was at its peak in 2008, when the recession hit it. At this time, the demands of houses and infrastructure were increasing and there was consistent flow of funds within the sector. The demands of housing and new infrastructures and the flow of funds within the construction sector changed (Barrell and Kirby). The reduction in the expected flow of funds and unavailability of the predicted clients reduced the profitability and chances of survival for may construction companies across the world (Property Wire). Research Background According Jakovljevic the construction industry has a worth of nearly $5 trillion globally in terms of total output. This sector is one of the sectors providing high est employment. As per the estimation, there are nearly 100 million people employed in this sector at various levels of jobs. At the same time, contribution of the construction sector to the Global GDP is nearly 10%. This figure is considerably higher than the estimated annual spending in 2008. According to Zeiss (2008) the US$ 2.3 Trillion was the estimated spending of the Global Construction Industry. Global construction industry reached to the peak before recession. PropertyWire (2009) argues that the recession of 2008 was the hardest hit on this sector in last 60 years. Construction industry as such operates in highly complex business environment. The business environment is characterised by high regulations, coordination of various authorities, departments and skill sets, impact of the changing climatic and weather conditions on the construction process, lagging productivity or other issues linked with workforce (Bosch and Phillips). The recession at one hand reduced the dispos able income of the consumers by salary cuts and loss of jobs; on the other hand, this reduced the funds flow in the construction sector. All the intermediaries like equipment suppliers of the construction sector, transport companies, intermediaries and others have experienced the repercussions of the recession. The business environment of the construction sector became more pessimistic. However by the mid of 2009, the impact of recession was reduced and industry started being optimistic again. This was revealed in a global survey conducted by KPMG that by the end of 2009, the Global construction industry started expecting positive growth. This was an important survey that covered more than two-third construction companies of the globe and from the 30 different countries. The study reported that the majority of the construction companies were having positive growth or consistent business performance. However it was evident in the study that the companies working on the long term proj ects have minor impact of recession as compared to the companies who were expecting returns at the shorter duration (Molly). The recession resulted in reducing

Carman Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carman Evaluation - Essay Example duced Carmen Jones in the year 1954 and various other directors such as Dorothy Dandridge who won an Oscar award as the best actor later adopted the opera (Dolen). Harry Belafonte also played a significant role in the acting and directing various scenes of the Carmen. Carmen grew in popularity and majority of the directors adopted the theme and produced various scripts favoured by majority of the people who were fans of the original Carmen. Since 1975, no director has managed to come up with a new version of the Carmen. However, in the present day, director and playwright Moses Kaufman has decided to come up with a team to bring out the new version of Carmen. The task existed and took the name Laramie Project. It comprises of Auturo O’Farrill, who is a composer and won the Grammy awards. He is working together with Ronald K Brown who is a choreographer together with Henry Fonte, a producer (Dolen). They have assimilated their cast to comprise of many professional and student actors to feature in the new version of the play. The opera made its first appearance at the Jerry Herman Ring Theatre, which is located at UM, Coral Gables campus set at 8p.m. on Wednesday. It ran until November 23rd. The plot has however been altered in the new script and production. The role of Carmen has changed and she is not a Spanish beauty who works at a cigarette factory located in 1820 Seville as in the original production of the opera. The setting, through the directors of the script, takes place in Cuba, 1958. The music of the play comprises of Afro-Cuban ascent. In the current opera, which also has a slightly twisted theme setting has changed the roles which are played by the characters of the play (Currie & Horbart 15). Carmen in the plot practises Santeria. She works in a cigar factory, an element that makes the original Carmen and the latest have a marked similarity (Dolen). However, she assists the rebels hiding in the mountains by smuggling guns for them. She also has a